10.3.25

Ruling class


Antonio Gramsci made the clearest and most explicit distinction between class domination of civil society, for which he employed the term hegemony, and political rule as such, or state power:

What we can do, for the moment, is to fix two major superstructural "levels": the one that can be called "civil society", that is the ensemble of organisms commonly called "private", and that of "political society or "the State". These two levels correspond on the one hand to the function of "hegemony" which the dominant group exercises throughout society and on the other hand to that of "direct domination" or command exercised through the State and "juridical" government.

The Frankfurt School


A dominant ideology - the elements of which are not very precisely specified - ensures, it is argued, a pacification of social conflict, a more or less total assimilation of the working class into the existing social order, and the exclusion from public discussion of any radical alternative conceptions of social life.