3.5.25

Society must be defended


I do not think it is ideologies that are shaped at the base, at the point where the networks of power culminate. It is much less and much more than. It is the actual instruments that form and accumulate kowledge, the observational methods, the recording techniques, the investigate research procedures, the verificantion mechanisms.

An important phenomenon ocurred in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: the appearance - one should say the invention - of a new mechanism of power which had very specific procedures, completely new instruments, and very different equipment. It was, I believe, absolutely incompatible with relations of sovereignty. This new mechanism of power applies primarily to bodies and what they do rather than to the land and what it produces. At was a mechanism of power that made it possible to extract time and labor, rather than commodities and wealth, from bodies. It was a type of power that was exercised through constant surveillance and not in discontinous fashion through chronologically defined systems of taxation and obligation. It was a type of power that presupposed a closely meshed grid of material coercions rather than the physical existence of a sovereign, and it therefore defined a new economy of power based upon the principle that there had to be an increase both in the subjugated forces and in the force and efficacy of that which subjugated them.

Michel Foucault
1926 - 1984